In the fourth century BCE, the philosopher Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle, composed thirty character sketches depicting ordinary Athenian vices: idle chatter, bad timing, cowardice, shamelessness, and superstition, among others. Centuries later, this enigmatic text-known as the Characters -was feverishly translated and imitated by early modern Europeans convinced of its moral and political importance. Tracing this resurgence of the Theophrastan tradition, Katie Ebner-Landy sheds new light on the role of the character sketch as a philosophical tool. Ebner-Landy shows that the original Characters is best understood as a work of political philosophy, designed to urge Athenians toward civic virtue. It is this quality that made the text so resonant in early modern Europe, where the character sketch again served as a means of encouraging ethical behavior and cultivating political knowledge. During the English Civil War, for example, the character sketch was used to diagnose new political types such as the Roundhead and the Cavalier. By the era of the Enlightenment, however, moral philosophy’s long association with the character sketch began to break down. A different approach to philosophy took hold, one that spurned literary descriptions of manners, mores, and types and instead emphasized the principles underlying knowledge itself. This shift, in turn, helped to drive a broader separation between literature and philosophy.
