China’s growing power and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine have thrust geopolitics back to the centre of the global stage, but the old frameworks of international relations, with their positivist methods and their emphasis on structural determinants, will not enable us to understand the increasingly dangerous world in which we are living today. Bertrand Badie argues that states and the many other actors now operating in the international arena are products of their cultural contexts and political traditions. Their perspectives and motivations are profoundly subjective in character and are shaped by the narratives, memories and emotions that constitute people’s everyday realities. In Badie’s view, international disputes in the twenty-first century are best understood through the concept of the ‘battle for meaning’, confrontations between different modes of understanding the world. His judgement is that peace and stability depend on greater sensitivity to the worldviews of other actors in the international arena. A willingness to try to see the world from the perspective of one’s friends, rivals and even one’s enemies is vital.
